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Author(s): Mike Odongo*, Solomon Alex Mutagaya, William Wanasolo, Dominic Oketch.
Department of Chemistry, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
To cite this article:
Mike Odongo, Solomon Alex Mutagaya, William Wanasolo, Dominic Oketch. Investigation of Levels of Some Selected Heavy Metals in Raw Bovine Milk from Oyam District, Uganda and Estimation of Potential Health Risks. American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry. Vol. 6, No. 1, 2022, pp. 1-6. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaic.20220601.11
Abstract: Heavy metal contamination is a serious threat because of their toxicity, bio-magnification and bioaccumulation in food chain. The deficiency of some of these metal elements leads to impairment of vital biological process but when they are present in excess, they become toxic. Raw bovine milk is considered as one of the food sources contaminated with heavy metals, because cows graze on the grass grown in lands which somehow come in contact with the untreated effluent of industries. Milk is a very important component of human diet. The present study was aimed at investigating the levels of selected heavy metals (Cr, Cd, and Pb) in raw bovine milk produced in Oyam District, Uganda and estimation of potential health risks associated with long term exposure to heavy metal contaminated milk from the said area. Experimental results indicated that the mean concentration levels of the metals were 0.17±0.08, 6.84±2.03 and 0.13±0.05 ppm for Lead, Chromium and Cadmium, respectively for all samples taken from Aber Sub County. The mean concentration levels of the metals were 0.15±0.07, 6.55±1.71 and 0.12±0.04 ppm for Lead, Chromium and Cadmium, respectively, for samples taken from Acaba Sub County. The mean concentration levels of the metals were 0.16±0.07, 6.83±1.74 and 0.15±0.11 ppm for Lead, Chromium and Cadmium, respectively, for samples taken from Loro Sub County. The mean concentration levels of the metals were 0.28±0.18,
8.34±2.92 and 0.19±0.13 ppm for Lead, Chromium and Cadmium, respectively, for samples taken from Kamdini Sub County.
The Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) of all heavy metals analyzed (Pb, Cr and Cd) in milk samples was found to be less than 1.
Hence it would be inferred
Keywords: Lead, Cadmium, Chromium, Bovine Milk, Heavy Metals, Oyam District, Health Risks
1. Introduction
Milk is a nutrient rich, liquid food produced by mammary glands of mammals [1]. As an agricultural product, it is extracted from farm animals during or soon after pregnancy.
Milk and its products are very common in our food list due to their high nutrient value, since it is a source of vitamins and lot of mineral constituents which are necessary for proper development and functioning of different tissues and organs. However, chemical hazards and contaminants which are risk factors for dairy products can as well be contained in milk and dairy products [2, 3]. The nutritional components in milk are energy, water, carbohydrate, fat, protein, milk flavor, vitamins, minerals and minor biological proteins and enzymes. Cows are still considered most important among species in milk production with a contribution of 580.5 million kg (83.3%) of 696.6 million kg globally according to FAO 2010 [4]. Milk is also a good source of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, vitamin D, riboflavin, vitamin A, vitamin B-12 and niacin and a good source of protein [5]. Despite the essential benefits of consuming milk, the contamination of milk from moderate agricultural practices, industrial pollutants in the environment, animal feeds and use of sewage sludge in agriculture is increasing and therefore requires urgent attention because of the risk this contamination poses especially to the health of the consumers. Contamination of milk globally with unwanted substance
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